Introduction to American Politics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to American Politics - Term Paper Example The low precedence Americans give to members of the interest groups are used as foundations of social action. The small powerful minorities are usually concentrated in fragmented government. It is not incompetent but not necessary for whole classes to assemble when members are often pleased and pressed in piecemeal fashion. The experiential evidence bolstering this doctrine of pluralist is overwhelming (Reynolds). In a Pluralist Democracy, the Government’s role is to safeguard and endorse diversity. This theory talks about human nature which is acquisitive and selfish. In the past, political scientists asked whether it was necessary for Developmental democracy to persist. These scientists noticed that most of the people are indifferent about politics. These scientists realized that politicians and party leaders handle everyday issues of government and citizens do not affect them at all. Therefore, according to this theory, authority stays in the hands of some people only. This is also called as â€Å"iron law of oligarchy† (Reynolds). As most people are uninterested in politics, it has its advantages as well. Great interest is parallel to extreme partnership and membership and it may end in strong fanaticism that can devastate the democratic procedure if it is made general for the whole community. Small effect towards election propagates declaration of many political dilemmas. Votes can be sorted out in two party systems rather than into uneven several parties. This low interest gives direction for political shifts mandated for an intricate society. Some people are highly interested in political issues and they should be, but everyone should not be a part of it (Reynolds). Pluralist politics need a foundation of social diversity to succeed. Pluralists believe that even thought every individual does not want to raise his or her voice; several interest groups will be able to represent will of all the people. These interest groups have far more knowl edge regarding the Government than normal citizens do and that is why they are capable of channeling the democratic voices of the power to politicians in authority more efficiently. A Pluralist Democracy will be a special interest group for every varying decision which is held by populous so even though everyone is not participating; people’ representation will be accomplished in the long run. Therefore, most politicians try to make the special interest groups happy considering that it will lead to much more support among general public (Janda, pg 23-30). Everybody in a Pluralist View of Power identifies political power when they actually see it. In a Pluralist Democracy, power is not certain property which humans hold in permanent amounts. It is because people are authoritative as they can control several resources. Resources are the assets which can be utilized to force other people to do what they want. They are controlling because they usually command the resources which people respect or fear. List of possibilities is an endless one as prestige, money, skill, legal authority, legitimacy, charisma, public support, free time, celebrity, and experience. Most of the Civil rights activists in 1960s mainly focused on the legitimacy and numbers of their source to find their way, however companies often depend on their admittance to control of information, officeholders, and to contributions of the campaign. Whichever the

Profile of Honda Motor Company Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Profile of Honda Motor Company Ltd - Essay Example Japan was a fuel and transport starved nation after the Second World War. Soichiro Honda seized this opportunity to provide cheap transport from small two-stroke motorcycle engines developed in the Honda Technical Research Institute in Japan. (History). This resulted in the launch of Dream D 98cc motorcycle in 1949 (Honda). From then on there has been no looking back for this multi-national company leading to a wide range of products, and a presence in nearly every part of the world. It is the leading manufacturer of motorcycles in the world, and an automobile manufacturer of repute. The name Honda in the modern era has been equated with value for money. The business activities of Honda Motor Company Ltd. include the development, production and manufacture of motor products in many places around the world. The motorcycle business activity consists of the manufacture of motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, and personal watercraft. The engine capacities of the motorcycles manufactured by Honda have a range from as low as 50cc to as high as 1800cc cylinder displacement. The models of Honda motorcycles consist of sports, business, and commuter models. Passenger cars in the automobile range of Honda consist of the Legend, Accord, Civic, City, and Acura brands. Honda also offers multi-wagons, sports utility vehicles, sports coupes, and mini-vehicles under different brand names. Financial services to customers and dealers also form a part of the business activities of Honda. This activity facilitates the purchase of vehicles by the dealers and the customers. Honda also manufactures a range of other power products, which include power tillers, portable generators, general-purpose engines, grass cutters, outboard engines, water pumps, snow throwers, power carriers, power sprayers, lawn mowers, and lawn tractors. The products of Honda are made available to its customers through various outlets, wholesalers, and independent retail dealers (Honda Motor Co. Ltd. (HMC)).

Larval Cyathostomes in Horse: Case Study Report

Larval Cyathostomes in Horse: Case Study Report A two-year-old Dutch Warmblood gelding presented with extreme weight loss and diarrhoea in December. The horse had been at pasture with seven others for the last three months with daily supplementary hay. The horse was rugged and had not been closely examined for six weeks however had been observed eating on a daily basis. On the day of admission to the hospital the horse had been seen standing alone, in-appetent with severe diarrhoea. On arrival to the hospital the horse was quiet, alert and responsive, body condition score 1/9 (284kg bwt). There was faecal staining down the hindquarters and tail. The heart rate and respiratory rate were elevated (76 beats per minute and 20 breaths per minute). Mucus membranes were pink and moist with a capillary refill time of 2seconds. Gastrointestinal sounds were increased. Skin tent was extremely prolonged, indicating significant dehydration. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a fluid filled colon and caecum with good SI motility and no evidence of bowl thickening. Although no abnormalities were detected per rectum, upon completion of the examination a large number of cyathostome larvae were visible on the rectal sleeve. Faecal analysis was negative for strongyle eggs. The significant clinicopathological abnormalities are presented below: Fibrinogen 6.3g/L (1.8-3.7g/L) Serum Amyloid A (SAA) 180mg/L ( Haematocrit (HCT) 45.1% (24-44%) Albumin 15g/L (31-38g/L) Blood lactate 3.1mmol/L (0.2-0.7mmol/L) Problem list Acute weight loss Poor body condition Diarrhoea Dehydration Differential diagnosis for diarrhoea Infectious: Samonellosis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridia difficile, Lawsonia intracellularis, Parasitic: Strongylosis, larval cyathostomiasis Toxic: NSAID Miscellaneous: carbohydrate overload, sand enteropathy Due to the horse’s age, number of horses at pasture and poor worming history the most likely diagnosis was a larval cyathostomosis. Although the faecal worm egg count was negative this does not take into account the encysted burden of worms and therefore cannot rule out infection. The presence of red worm larvae on the rectal sleeve following rectal examination indicates the presence of larvae. An intravenous catheter was placed and maintainance fluids were administered to rectify the dehydration. 4L of plasma (Hypermune, Veterinary Immunogenics) was also given to provide anti-endotoxic and colloidal support. Dexamethasone (Dexadresson, Intervet) 0.05mg/kg IV every other day was administered initially. The horse was also started on fenbendazole (FBZ) (Panacur Guard) 7.5mg/kg SID for 5days. Additional supportive therapy included free access to palatable feed and fresh water. The following day, the horse was quiet with a moderate appetitite. Faeces became more watery so treatment with di-tri-octahedral smectite (Biosponge, Platinum Performance)1g/kg q6hrs per nasogastric tube and codeine phosphate (Codeine Phosphate, Crescent Pharma) 1mg/kg PO TID was started and adjusted daily according to faecal consistency. On day 3 the horse appeared slightly colicky and appetite reduced. Treatment with a single dose of flunixin meglumine (Finadyne, MSD Animal Health) 1.1mg/kg improved signs of abdominal pain. The following day the horse was brighter and appetite improved. The intravenous fluids were discontinued. At this point dexamethasone was replaced by oral prednisolone (Equisolon, Boerhinger Ingleheim) 1mg/kg PO SID. The diarrhoea improved over the following two days and on day 6 the codeine and biosponge were also discontinued. On day 7 of hospitalisation the horse was given moxidectin (MOX) (Equest, Pfizer) 0.4mg/kg to treat any parasites resistant to the fenbendazole therapy. A further blood sample on day 10 revealed improvement in HCT, fibrinogen and SAA. The albumin remained low at 15g/L but considering the horse’s dehydration on admission, this was slightly improved and would be expected to take weeks to return to a normal range. The horse was discharged. At this point the horse had a good appetite, was very bright and was passing normal droppings. Weight had increased from 284kg on admission to 305kg. Discussion Strongylid round worm, subfamily Cyathostominae, and infestation may affect up to 100% of pastured animals (Tolliver et al, 1987, Lyons et al, 1999, Lind et al, 2003). In adult horses, the disease is usually asymptomatic or observed in sub-clinical forms however in horses, which have not been treated, treated infrequently or are on heavily grazed pasture can reach hundreds of thousands (Chapman et al, 2003, Gasser et al, 2004). The most common clinical manifestation of cyathosome infection is associated with acute larval cyathostomosis (Murphy et al, 1997). The poor worming history, minimal pasture management and heavily grazed pasture in this case indicated that this was likely. As with this case larval cyathostomosis is usually diagnosed in horses of 1-3years of age and is most commonly associated with severe weight loss, weakness, acute or chronic diarrhoea, subcutaneous oedema, pyrexia and colic (Lyons et al, 2000). In the UK age ( The blood results in this case alongside the diarrhoea and weight loss indicated a protein losing enteropathy. A decrease in total protein levels, particularly albumin, and neutrophilia are common presentations of horses infested with cyathostomes (Steinbach et al, 2006). The synchronous reactivation of the encysted larvae (EL3) into the gut lumen can cause extensive bowl inflammation which can not only result in enteral protein loss and impaired nutrient absorption, but also entrance of bacterial toxins into the tissues (Abbot, 1998, Giles et al, 1985 and Reid et al, 1995). This can be fatal in up to 50% of cases (Love et al, 1999). The plasma administered in this case aimed to provide colloidal support due to the reduced albumin, and act as an anti-endotoxic agent (Tennant-Brown, 2011). The debilitated condition the horse was in in this case led to consideration of the most appropriate treatment. There is a concern over worsening of a horses condition following administration of anthelmintics, however there is a balance between this and a delay in treatment leaving sufficient time for recovery following anthelmintic treatment (Johns, 2014). Johns (2014) describes the potential for using fenbendazole in severely emaciated horses. The concern with determining treatment is that the mucosal stages constitute the major cyathostomin burden, which is not particularly susceptible to most anthemintics (Love and Mckeand 1997). Chemotherapeutic strategies are not always successful in severe cases however the main two drugs licensed treatments for encysted larvae are FBZ or MOX. The initial treatment used in this case was Fenbendazole 7.5mg/kg bwt administered daily for 5 consecutive days. It has been shown to provide >95% efficacy vs. total mucosal larvae, including >91% efficacy against inhibited EL3 (Duncan et al, 1998). A single dose of moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg bwt was administered on day 7. This has been shown to have a persistent effect and be effective against all life cycle stages, including 90.8% efficacy against EL3 (Reinemyer et al, 2003). There have been limited reports of resistance and as such is recommended for the treatment of larval cyathostominosis (Reinemyer et al, 2003 and Molento et al, 2008). The reason for this follow treatment with moxidectin is due to the world wide prevalence of FBZ resistance, and even 5day courses at 7.5 or 10mg/kg bwt cannot overcome this resistance (Tarigo-Martinie et al, 2001). Although there is little research to support it, clinicians often choose to treat larval cyathostomes with a 5day course of fenbendazole followed by moxidectin. Reasoning behind this maybe due to FBZ killing larvae at a slower rate and therefore avoids a severe anaphylactic reaction associated with larval death. Also due to the resistance seen with fenbendazole, it leads to a ‘belt and braces’ approach to remove the encysted parasites. A concern with moxidectin is the risk of toxicity in severely-debilitated horses. Because of its highly lipophilic nature, moxidectin can become highly concentrated in the serum of animals with little body fat, such as this case, which increases the risk of neurotoxicity as it able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is described in the literature (Johnson et al, 1999 and Muller et al, 2003). In many reported cases clinical signs have been evident following treatment of affected horses, a syndrome thought to be due to the inflammatory reaction associated with parasite death. A study performed by Steinbach et al, (2006) found a five-day course of fenbendazole caused extensive inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal wall associated with parasite death. However moxidectin treatment led to disintegration of larvae without the severe inflammatory response which supports the use of the latter drug in treatment of clinical cases, and questions the treatment protocol used in this case (Steinbach et al, 2006). Anthelmintic treatment is often administered alongside steroid therapy, which is important if heavy larval loads are suspected as with this case. The inflammatory reaction created by parasite death is often managed with corticosteroid treatment. Often treatment is started prior to larvicidal medication particularly if heavy larval loads are suspected. This aims to prevent acute exacerbation of the disease by rapid death of encysted larvae (Church et al, 1986). Church et al (1986) found that the administration of steroids alongside the anthelmintics lead to a synergistic drug effect. The corticosteroid lessens the immune mechanisms contributing to larval arrestment allowing the mucosal larvae to resume maturation and therefore more susceptible to the action of anthelmintics (Church et al, 1986). Although there has been no further evidence for its use, in clinical practice there appears to be a therapeutic advantage with cyathostomosis cases in giving oral corticosteroid concurrently w ith anthelmintics (Love and McKeand, 1997). As this was a concern in this case corticosteroid treatment was used alongside anthelmintic therapy. Codeine Phosphate although not licensed in horses, was used in this case to provide symptomatic relief of diarrhoea. It works by reducing gastrointestinal secretions and delaying intestinal transit. There was improvement seen in faecal consistency after 48hours and the dose was altered accordingly (Murphy et al, 1997). Studies are currently underway to develop a diagnostic assay to allow the detection and quantification of mucosal cyathostomes to allow for targeted treatment (Proudman and Matthews, 2000). FEC underestimate the true parasite burden when larval populations predominate and luminal adult burdens are low (Dowdall et al, 2002). This was seen in this case where the FEC was negative however the clinical signs and presence of larval on the rectal sleeve all suggested larval cyathstomiasis. The successful outcome in this case supported the treatment protocol used. However after consideration of the literature it would be prudent to question whether moxidectin alongside corticosteroid therapy would provide less intestinal inflammation, reducing the severity of clinical signs alongside ensuring the death of the encysted parasites.

The Miracle of A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

The Miracle of A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play A Doll's House, Nora fits in a role of the little helpless wife whose husband takes care of everything.   During the play, she keeps a secret from her husband that eventually leads to the destruction of her marriage.   When the secret surfaces, Nora finds out just what kind of man she was married to.   Maybe she always knew but now wants something different in her life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A few years earlier her husband was terribly sick and needed to get away for a while, possibly go south.   With no money, he was unable to go. Nora wanted to do everything she could for her husband to help him get well. In order to do this she needed to borrow money.   Unfortunately she made the mistake of borrowing it and forging her father's signature.   This is the secret that she hides all through the play from her husband.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nora believes Helmer will try to take the blame for what she has done.   She thinks he will keep being the man that takes charge and fixes all problems that may come about.   What she doesn't realize at this point is that Helmer does not truly care for her the way she has brought herself to believe throughout the years of their marriage.   Nora tells Dr. Rank, a family friend: â€Å"...You know how deeply, how passionately Torvald is in love with me.   He would never hesitate for a moment to sacrifice his life for my sake.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later in the play Nora made the same mistake with Kristine Linde as she did with Dr. Rank.   In the following line Nora expresses   her belief of what Helmer may do:   â€Å"Then you must testify... And I tell you this: nobody else knew anything, I alone was responsible for the whole thing. Remember that!†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are two of the most important lines in the play because they signify the whole relationship's meaning and underlying imagery.   What Nora thinks will happen when her husbands finds out is completely opposite of what really happens.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Helmer reads the letter and calls out to Nora, she answers back almost like she was expecting him to come running to save her.   When she says: â€Å"... Let me go! Let me out!...You mustn't try to save me, Torvald!† , she clearly wants him to try and save her, playing the role of the damsel in distress.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nora begins to doubt her husbands faithfulness when she tells him how much she loved him and he responds with:   â€Å"Don't come to me with a lot

English Reflective Statement

I participated in an interactive oral discussion; about the novel by Nawal El Sadawi named ‘The Woman at Point Zero’. From the interactive oral, I was able develop a new idea which I had never thought of. The idea was that the characters in the novel were two dimensional, so that the main character Firdaus is able to change, which she is not. The idea stemmed from what Ashleigh said about how Firdaus has the power of rejection using her physical body.So I said that it was a delusion for women and what Firdaus does have, is the power to change. I developed it into the concept of change for the better, i. e. the ability to change and move forward in society. For example if Firdaus looked at the situation where she was being abused by her uncle and aunt, reviewed all the problems and then found a way to make the next situation better, which would the be domestic violence received from her husband Sheikh Mahmood.All in all, in a society like Egypt in the 1970’s, fear was the most dominant way to have power, but its not removing the fear that allows the courage to change, it’s the knowledge of fear and moving forward anyway. Talking about fear, Brad brought up an interesting idea of Firdaus not being afraid of what normal people would be afraid of, but of something so delicate, eyes. He said something about how she was cautious and self conscious about being looked down upon and being watched over. Which made me ask the question, why she didn’t have the courage to change her fate, up until the moment she killed her pimp.

Health and Safety Essay

Explain how health and safety is monitored and maintained and how people in the work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. In my placement we have a safeguarding policy but we don’t have a health and safety polices that I am aware of but the safeguarding polices is available on the schools website. Anyone is able to get on to the website and their policies. We have a sigh by the sink in the staff room say warning hot water and we have a sigh in the classrooms letting children and staff knows that the water in the tabs is drinking water we also have fire safety sign around the school. They always have meeting every month on health and safety but it is only for the main teachers. We have a fire drill twice a year so all the children and staff know where to go in case of a fire they had a fire drill last week which was good cause I did not know where to go if a fire happens so it help me cause now I know where to go if a fire happens. We always tell the children not talk to strangers and when the children are going home they are not allowed to leave an till the adults tell them that they can go cause we need to make sure that the right people are picking the children up and that they are not going off with strangers or with someone they are not meant to go home with.

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control Leaf scorch is a noninfectious condition caused by an unfavorable environment - there is no virus, no fungus, no bacterium to blame. It can not be helped by chemical control so you will have to discover the underlying causal factor which can be drying winds, drought, root damage and other environmental problems. Still, infectious diseases can attack the tree and make the condition even worse. Major target trees are Japanese maple (plus several other maple species), dogwood, beech, horse chestnut, ash, oak and linden. Symptoms Early leaf scorch symptoms commonly appear as yellowing between veins or along leaf margins. The problem is not often recognized during this early stage and can be confused with anthracnose. The yellowing becomes increasingly severe and tissue dies at leaf margins and between veins. This is the stage at which injury becomes easily noticeable. Dead tissue can often appear without any previous yellowing and restricted entirely to marginal areas and tips. Cause Scorch usually is a warning that some condition has occurred or is occurring that is adversely influencing the tree. It could be that the tree is not adapting to the local climate or has been given unsuitable exposure. Many of the conditions are the result of water not making it into the leaves. These conditions could be hot, drying winds, temperatures above 90 degrees, windy and hot weather following a long wet and cloudy period, drought conditions, low humidity or drying winter winds when soil water is frozen. Control When leaf scorch is noticed, leaf tissue has usually dried past the point of recovery and the leaf will drop. This will not kill the tree. Several steps can be taken to prevent more severe damage. Deep watering will help with moisture uptake. You need to make sure lack of water is the problem as too much water can also become a problem. Spring application of a complete fertilizer may help but do not fertilize after June. If the root system of a tree has been injured, prune the top to balance the reduced root system. Conserve soil moisture by mulching trees and shrubs with rotted leaves, bark, or other material.